Recovery Audit Contractors (RACs)

Published on: July 3, 2014

CMS Proposes to Eliminate the Narrative Requirement for Documented Face-to-Face Encounters for Home Health Agencies

In a recently released proposed rule, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) proposes to eliminate the narrative requirement from the home health face-to-face encounter documentation requirement. Under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) and implementing regulations, the certifying physician must document that the physician himself or herself or an allowed nonphysician practitioner conducted a face-to-face encounter with the beneficiary no more than 90 days prior to the home health start of care date or within 30 days of the start of home health care. As part of the home health certification requirements, the documented face-to-face encounter must include a brief narrative of why the clinical findings of the encounter support that the patient is homebound and in need of intermittent skilled nursing services or therapy services.

According to CMS, the narrative requirement was adopted in an effort to achieve greater physician accountability in certifying a patient’s eligibility to receive home health care as well as establishing the patient’s plan of care. However, as CMS noted in the proposed rule, the home health industry is experiencing numerous problems meeting the narrative requirement. Accordingly, since the effective implementation of the face-to-face encounter requirement in April 2011, many home health agencies have seen an increased number of claims denied by Medicare audit contractors due to inadequate narratives supporting the services. In its proposed rule, CMS acknowledges some of the challenges faced by home health agencies in meeting the face-to-face narrative requirement, including:

• A perceived lack established standards for compliance that can be understood and applied by physicians and home health agencies;

Published on: June 16, 2014

OIG Recommends Increased Audits of E/M Services by CMS

by Wachler & Associates, P.C.

In May of 2014, the Office of the Inspector General (OIG) released a report detailing its findings regarding Medicare payments for evaluation and management (E/M) services. E/M services are performed by physicians in order to assess and manage a beneficiary’s health. The OIG found that coding errors in documents for routine patient E/M services have resulted in the Medicare program paying out billions of dollars in improper payments each year. Earlier in 2014, the OIG reported that the overall Medicare program lost about $50 billion during 2013. In conducting this study, 63 percent of the claims sampled by the OIG were for established patient office/outpatient visits. Only 4 percent of the visits the OIG analyzed were for initial or subsequent skilled nursing care.

The OIG reports that for the 2010 fiscal year, Medicare payments for E/M services totaled $32.3 billion, which accounted for almost 30 percent of all Part B payments. The OIG also noted that in 2012, physicians began to increase their billing of higher level codes, which resulted in higher payment amounts. In its report, the OIG found that 55 percent of E/M services were incorrectly coded and/or lacked sufficient documentation, including: 26 percent of E/M claims were up-coded; 15 percent of E/M claims were down-coded; 12 percent of E/M claims were insufficiently documented; and 7 percent of E/M claims were undocumented altogether. In order to ensure that payments for E/M services are properly coded and supported by sufficient documentation, the OIG made the following recommendations to CMS: (1) educate physicians on coding and documentation requirements for E/M services; (2) continue to encourage contractors to review E/M services billed for by high-coding physicians; and (3) follow up on claims for E/M services that were paid for in error.

As indicated by this report, providers can expect greater scrutiny of their E/M claims by CMS audit contractors. In our experience, CMS audit contractors routinely down-code the level of E/M service billed by providers. Often times, these services are down-coded because CMS determined that the level of E/M service billed is not supported by the accompanying medical records (e.g., the visit note did not support the level of medical decision making component required by the code that was billed). With the increased audit attention relating to E/M services, providers must ensure that they are thoroughly documenting the services provided, and that each component of the E/M service is supported by the medical record. Failure to do so could leave providers vulnerable to audit contractors.

Published on: May 15, 2014

CGI Federal Sues HHS over New Contracts and Payment Terms

by Wachler & Associates, P.C.

On May 1, Recovery Audit Contractor (“RAC”) for Region B, CGI Federal, Inc., (“CGI”) filed a lawsuit against the United States Department Health and Human Services (“HHS”) in the United States Court for Federal Claims.

In the lawsuit, CGI seeks an injunction against the HHS’s award of new RAC contracts and to eliminate the new payment terms that prohibit RACs from being paid until after the second level of appeal. The lawsuit comes after CGI’s pre-award bid protests, where CGI asked for a change to the new payment terms, were denied by the Government Accountability Office (“GAO”).

Towards the end of 2013 and the beginning of 2014, CMS sent out a request for quotes (RFQ) for new RAC contracts. The Statement of Work, which accompanied the RFQ, contained most of the changes to which CGI objects. CGI’s main objection is to the changes in the payment terms. Under the current system, RACs bill and receive their contingency fees after the first level of appeal of a claim determination, which takes roughly 120 days. Under the new model, RACs would not receive their contingency fees until after the second level of appeal, which could span anywhere from 120 to over 400 days.

Published on: April 25, 2014

CMS Releases Physician Payment Data – Should E/M Providers Be Concerned?

by Wachler & Associates, P.C.

Earlier this month, CMS released its first set of Medicare Provider Utilization and Payment Data for physicians and physician practices. As part of the Obama Administration’s efforts to make Medicare more transparent, CMS has prepared a public data set providing information on services and procedures provided to Medicare beneficiaries under Medicare Part B. This information includes the types and number of services and procedures provided by physicians, as well as the amount of payments each physician received from the Medicare program in calendar year 2012.

According the data, office/outpatient evaluation and management services (e.g., CPT codes 99213 and 99214) were the most frequently billed services by physicians and accounted for nearly $11 billion of the $77 billion in Medicare payments to physicians in 2012.

Physician evaluation and management (E/M) services have been an increasing focus of audits by CMS contractors – typically, Medicare Administrative Contractors (MACs) and Zone Program Integrity Contractors (ZPICs). Furthermore, with the moratorium on Recover Audit Contractors (RACs) ability to audit Part A hospital claims being extended to March 2015, we expect the RACs to shift their audit focus from Part A to Part B claims. Based on the changing audit landscape and the utilization and payment data recently released by CMS, physicians can only expect to be an even greater target of Medicare audits.

Published on: April 17, 2014

AHA Files Lawsuit Contesting the Two-Midnight Rule

by Wachler & Associates, P.C.

With the “doc-fix” bill extending the enforcement delay of the two-midnight rule to March 31, 2015, the American Hospital Association (AHA) has decided to use that time challenging the new inpatient admission rules. Earlier this week, AHA filed a lawsuit in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia challenging the “arbitrary standards and documentations requirements” of the new inpatient admission rules which “deprive hospitals of Medicare reimbursement to which they are entitled.”

Specifically, AHA is challenging the definition of “inpatient” under the two-midnight rule, alleging that CMS’s “inpatient” definition requiring a patient to spend two nights in the hospital is arbitrary and capricious because it bears no resemblance to the actual definition of “inpatient” and CMS has made no attempt to explain its reasoning for adopting such a meaning. Additionally, AHA is challenging the Final Rule’s application of the one year time limit to file a Part B claim when a Part A inpatient claim is denied as not being medically necessary and reasonable. Recovery audit contractors (RACs) typically conduct post-payment reviews of inpatient hospital admissions with dates of admission in which the one year rebilling deadline has already elapsed. Finally, AHA asserts that CMS’s new requirement that all short-stay inpatient admissions include a physician order for admission as a condition of Part A payment is unlawful. Through its lawsuit, AHA seeks for the court to vacate and set aside the two-midnight rule, the one year time limit, and the physician order policy.

Wachler & Associates will continue to monitor the current AHA lawsuit, as well as any further developments regarding CMS’s new inpatient admission policies. If you have any questions pertaining to the two-midnight rule or the physician certification and order requirements, please contact an experienced health care attorney at Wachler & Associates via phone at 248-544-0888 or via email at wapc@wachler.com.

Published on: April 14, 2014

OIG Finds Limited Compliance with Face-to-Face Home Health Requirements

by Wachler & Associates, P.C.

In a report released on Thursday, April 10, the Office of the Inspector General (“OIG”) found that, thus far, there has been limited compliance with the face-to-face documentation requirement for home health providers. As a result, the OIG determined that Medicare paid $2 billion to home health providers that should not have been paid. In an effort to increase compliance with the face-to-face requirement, the OIG has outlined specific recommendations that CMS could implement which would impact home health providers. The OIG’s findings and recommendations should serve as an alert to home health providers to carefully review their compliance with face-to-face encounter documentation requirements.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“ACA”) included language that established the face-to-face encounter requirement. Although initially scheduled to be effective January 1, 2011, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) delayed implementation until April 1, 2011.

The face-to-face encounter documentation requirement provides that for initial certification periods only, a home health agency must obtain documentation from the certifying physician that the physician had a face-to-face encounter with the patient. The face-to-face documentation must be signed and dated by the physician. It must include the date the encounter occurred, and include a brief narrative that describes why the patient is homebound and why the skilled services are medically necessary to treat the patient’s illness or injury. A home health agency’s reimbursement for the home health services for an initial certification period is dependent upon the certifying physician’s proper documentation of the face-to-face encounter.

Published on: April 8, 2014

Moody’s Report: Two-Midnight Rule to Weaken Hospital Profitability

by Wachler & Associates, P.C.

On Wednesday, March 12, Moody’s Investor Services released a report predicting that Medicare’s new inpatient admissions policy, the “Two-Midnight rule”, will negatively affect hospitals’ bottom lines. The Two-Midnight rule instructs physicians and hospitals to use a two-midnight benchmark and order admission for patients expected to require hospital care crossing at least two midnights.

The Moody’s report stated that “on average, the [Two-Midnight] rule could cause revenue reduction averaging $3,000 to $4,000 per case.” The report suggests that these reduced reimbursement rates will be especially devastating since the cost of treating patients will remain the same. The report also suggests that the Two-Midnight rule will expedite the already increasing trend of more outpatient observation stays, which will put more pressure on hospital revenues. The impetus for this increasing trend of outpatient care observation stays has been the frequent challenges by RACs to the medical necessity requirement of short-stay admissions.

The report also concludes that under the Two-Midnight rule, hospitals with shorter lengths of stay will be most affected. The hospitals that are expected to be most affected are classified as ‘low acuity’ community hospitals. While these types of hospitals tend to have a larger number of cases resulting in shorter hospital stays, these stays typically still consume a large of amount of resources, such as diagnostic testing.

Published on: April 4, 2014

Two-Midnight Rule Enforcement Delay Extended to March 31, 2015

by Wachler & Associates, P.C.

On April 1, 2014, President Barack Obama signed into law a bill (H.R. 4302) extending the enforcement delay of the two-midnight rule. Under the newly adopted law, Recovery Audit Contractors (RACs) will not conduct patient status reviews of inpatient hospital admissions on a post-payment basis until March 31, 2015. The two-midnight rule, which took effect October 1, 2013, provides that inpatient hospital admissions are generally appropriate when the physician expects the beneficiary will require medically necessary hospital services for 2 or more midnights. Since taking effect, hospitals’ inpatient admission claims under the two-midnight rule have been free from review by the RACs.

Prior to the extended enforcement delay to March 31, 2015, the enforcement of the two-midnight rule was previously delayed by CMS to March 31, 2014, and again to September 30, 2014. Also extended to March 31, 2015 under the new law is the Medicare Administrative Contactors’ (MACs) ability to conduct “Probe and Educate” reviews of a limited set – 10-25 claims depending on the size of the hospital – of inpatient admission claims for each hospital, which are conducted on a prepayment basis. When conducting “Probe and Educate” reviews, CMS has instructed the MACs to review hospital’s compliance with the admission order requirements, the certification requirements, and the two-midnight benchmark.

Until March 31, 2015, hospital inpatient admissions under the two-midnight rule will be subjected only to a limited number of prepayment claim reviews by the MACs. Thus, for inpatient claims with dates of admission October 1, 2013 through March 31, 2015, the RACs will not conduct prepayment reviews, and both the RACs and the MACs will not conduct post-payment reviews.

Published on: March 11, 2014

Legislation Unveiled to Clarify Two-Midnight Rule

by Wachler & Associates, P.C.

On Thursday, in a bipartisan effort, two senators unveiled a proposed bill that attempts to clarify the infamous two-midnight rule. Senator Robert Menendez, a Democrat from New Jersey and Senator Deb Fischer, a Republican from Nebraska are co-sponsors of the bill. Titled as Two-Midnight Rule Coordination and Improvement Act of 2014, the bill mirrors a similar one currently working its way through the House of Representatives and has the support of numerous hospital and doctor associations.

Most notably, the bill would require the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services to consult with interested stakeholders – such as hospitals, physicians, Medicare administrative contractors, recovery audit contractors, and other parties determined appropriate by the Secretary – to determine the criteria for short inpatient stays. Additionally, the bill would require CMS to develop a payment methodology for the shorter inpatient stays. Although, in developing the payment methodology, the bill does not require consultation with the same stakeholders used in developing the criteria for shorter inpatient stays, the bill strongly encourages CMS to consider the criteria that the stakeholders developed.

Equally important in the bill are the timing provisions relating to the implementation of the criteria for shorter inpatient stays. Most importantly, the proposed bill keeps the current enforcement delay in place. The bill would also provide an additional year long delay in the enforcement of the two-midnight rule if the criteria for shorter inpatient stays are not implemented during the IPPS annual notice and comment rulemaking process for fiscal year 2015. If the criteria are in place during the fiscal year 2015 rulemaking process (i.e., regulations are finalized in 2014), the bill authorizes RACs to begin their work at the time of implementation, but not prior to October, 1, 2014. This measure ensures that hospitals are not subject to audits until the criteria are made final.

Published on: February 26, 2014

Medicare Therapy Cap Exception Extended

by Wachler & Associates, P.C.

On December 18, 2013, Congress enacted legislation extending the Medicare therapy cap until March 31, 2014. The 2014 outpatient therapy cap limits are $1,920 for physical therapy and speech-language pathology services combined, and $1,920 for occupational therapy services. In order to qualify for an exception to the therapy cap limits and continue to receive Medicare reimbursement, therapists must first document the need for medically reasonable and necessary services in the beneficiary’s medical record and, separately, the therapist must indicate on the Medicare claim for services that the outpatient therapy services above the therapy cap are medically reasonable and necessary. Further, starting January 1, 2014, the Medicare outpatient therapy cap limits will also apply to therapy services performed in critical access hospitals.

Providers that meet or exceed the $3,700 threshold in therapy expenditures will be subject to a manual review. The manual review process for 2013 is not expected to change in 2014. Under the manual medical review process, Recovery Audit Contractors (RACs) will conduct either prepayment or postpayment review for claims exceeding $3,700 depending on the state. Currently, only Florida, California, Michigan, Texas, New York, Louisiana, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Ohio, North Carolina and Missouri are subject to prepayment review, while the rest of the nation is subject to postpayment review.

A bill that is currently working its way through Congress seeks to permanently repeal the therapy caps. The Medicare Access to Rehabilitation Act has bipartisan support and its sponsors argue that an arbitrary cap on outpatient services without regard to clinical need discriminates against some of the most vulnerable and needy Medicare recipients.